Are Dreams the Reason for Mythology - 1160 Words

Dreams are the series of thoughts, images, and sensations that occur in a person’s mind while they are unconscious, so is it even possible to say that they are the reasons why we have myths. Throughout this course we learn about myths, how they were created, and the authors who wrote them, but can the reason we truly have myths be due to a dream the author had. In part five of book we learn that while we are unconscious we form several perspectives from our personalities and our minds later form these archetypes. Sigmund Freud, the first and most famous dream theorist of the modern era, believed that the emotions that survive in the area in our mind that stores memories, ideas, feelings, fears, and wishes are â€Å"repressed† and preserved without conscious awareness. Dreams have a significant relationship with myths because of the emotional power these dreams that make them seem like there is meaning to them. While some psychologist do believe that there is meaning behind the dreams an individual has, others scientist believe that dreams occur because of REMs. REMs are rapid eye-movements sleep, which is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming, and faster pulse and breathing. Based off several studies made by scientist it showed that if humans are being deprived by this sleep by organic or chemical failures their health and well-being will deteriorate and can later die. When human beings dream their minds form archetypes, or mythological patterns or themes basedShow MoreRelatedJoseph Campbell: The Power of Myth1469 Words   |  6 PagesMyth Chapters 1-3 1. Myth reveals spiritual truth about the world. Why read myths? You need myths to find your truth. You have elaborate myths to compare to everyday experiences and to other myths. â€Å"Myths give a meaning to life (Campbell, 5). Mythology is a collection of stories based on one’s knowledge and stories of experience. Myths are clues to life meaning. They are clues to â€Å"spiritual potentialities† or your potential to develop spiritually and finding your inner self. For example, marriageRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesaffects every aspect of our lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; twoRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream1094 Words   |  5 PagesJeana Jago Theater History J. Robideau October,1st 2015 A Midsummer Night’s Dream In a Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare story about romantic desire. Theseus and Hippolyta, are about to be married; both of them are wonderful figures from classical mythology. (Greek Mythology) Theseus is a great warrior, a kinsman of Hercules; Hippolyta is an Amazon warrior-woman, defeated in battle by Theseus. (Theseus and Hippolyta) He was longing for the wedding day, and this is what opens the play and closingRead MoreMyths And The Reason Behind Mythology1653 Words   |  7 PagesWHAT ARE MYTHS AND THE REASON BEHIND MYTHOLOGY? Mythos, the Greek word for myth means story, appertain to colorful tales that enlightens about the origins of humans and the universe. Myths, as amazing as it sounds, is also a cause for birth of new religions, where and how they originated. Many cultures have myths about how the gods and goddesses came to be, even elucidating the origin of humanity and its traditions. Even ideas about how this world of ours came to existence have many myths, creationRead MoreMythology Is So Much More Than A Collection Of Stories887 Words   |  4 PagesAh but you see that is where you are wrong, mythology is so much more than a collection of stories. Mythology covers topics passed down through generations that all offer life lessons and morals to live by. Mythology is a way for different cultures and religions across the world to stay connected. While each group might have different practices they are often done for the same reasons- from rites of passage into adult hood to the afterlife, common my ths are used in countless different places withRead MoreSpongebob Square Pants has Many Attributes of the Greek Gods Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesattributes. Characteristics like greed, power, and deception are all recognizable in Greek gods from ancient mythology as well as in Mr. Krabs, King Neptune, and Plankton. Greek gods and the characters of SpongeBob, as unlikely as this may seem, are similar because each person is represented by one core characteristic. The gods Triton, Hades, Koalemos, Poseidon, and Midas would make the perfect dream team for the television show SpongeBob Squarepants, playing the roles of SpongeBob, Plankton, PatrickRead MoreGender And Magic : Artificial And Biological Elements1099 Words   |  5 Pagesconnection to religious matters, which can be used to influence our societies. These concepts appear to have influence on each other and have been studied on for thousands of years. A huge amount of these works have been performed on the Old Norse myth ology, sagas and gods. Although both men and women have practiced magic in Norse literature, it is explicitly pointed out in most stories that men, by using most forms of magic, were taking on a female art, which meant risking their reputation and manlinessRead MoreDifference Between Primitive Mythology And Classical Mythology1071 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The difference between primitive mythology and classical mythology is that primitive leans towards the dark and gruesome, whereas classical mythology is move cultivated and not as scary and disturbing as primitive. The Greeks, unlike the Egyptians, made their gods in the image of man. The gods of the egyptians did have some sort of human forms, but it was also half-casted with animals The â€Å"miracle of greek mythology† was when the world became more enlightened and it was not so muchRead MoreAnalysis Of Percy Jackson And The Sea Of Monster1636 Words   |  7 Pages1830 they won independence from the Ottoman Empire. There were strong cultural and economic connections between the Greek cities. The reason for that was that the sea was better travel for trades than rather the trade routes on land. Which eventually helped mythology make its way out of Greece for others not in Greece to read and learn. Greek mythology is both myth and teachings that strictly belong to the Greeks. It s about there gods , Heroes and natural world of their cult practicesRead More The Norse tale of Ragnarok Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageswork, beginning with Snorri’s connection of Genesis to Norse mythology. Included in order to give the old tales legitimacy and scandinavians a connection to Christianity, he cites the northern migration of man away from his origins as the cause of the slow loss of the name of the Abrahamic God. This loss represents the primary reason for the need for alternate explanations of natural phenomena and thus the evolution of Nordic mythology (Snorri, 3). Typical examples include a using a convulsing God

Academy of Medical Royal Colleges

Question: Discuss about the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Answer: Introduction: Autonomy is the ability or right of an individual to exercise the necessary freedom of self-government[1]. When an individual is capable of deciding the personal objectives, without any influence, the individual is said to be autonomous. The respect of autonomy is crucial in medical practices to be called reasonable. Respecting the autonomy of an individual refers to giving necessary weightage to their choices, as well as, their opinions, without any kind of interference, unless and until, such results in harm to the others. The freedom to act gets infringed, if this autonomy is denied. As the life of a person progresses, the autonomy also transforms, where at this, this autonomy is completely lost, partially or completely, as a result of immaturity, imprisonment or illness. Just because a person is incapacitated, their autonomy cannot be disrespected or less protected. The respect for patients autonomy presents a range of difficulties in delivering the healthcare, especially in the cases where the patient is imprisoned, incompetent or comatose. A retarded persons autonomy is limited by incapacitation and that of a prisoner is limited by coercive institutionalization. In such situation where the person does not have autonomy, they can be easily influenced by other people. The lack of autonomy becomes a hurdle in the clinical setting when informed consent, voluntariness, comprehension and disclosure are required[2]. For the decision of a patient to be taken autonomously, it has to be made by a competent person in an informed and voluntary manner. In the case of C. v. Wren[3], C was a 16 year old girl, who was pregnant, and left the home to arrange for an abortion. Since her parents were against the abortion, they wanted to stop the procedure and claimed that C did not have the capacity to consent. While deciding if the patient has to be given the autonomy to make their choice, the doctor has to consider the capacity and competency of the patient, in making rational decisions. The autonomy has to be free from any controlling influence, and the decision has to be taken by the medical practitioner on the basis of rationality of the patient[4]. When a patient can think, decide and act freely, as well as, independently, such patient is autonomous[5]. In the given case, the patients decision would not harm anyone and she knew the result of her choices. And this is the reason why court ruled in Cs favor, and the wishes of her parent were not taken to be relevant. So, it can be concluded that respect for autonomy is present in clinic al situations. The general well being and the welfare of the people, is referred as public interest. And it is known fact that the patient confidentiality has to be upheld. As highlighted in the previous question, the respect for autonomy gives the right to the patient to exercise control over their life. To certain extent, the decision regarding the access to the information of patient is also included in this. If there is a breach in confidentiality, the doctor loses their patient[6]. Article 8 of the Human Rights Act, 1998[7] provides the right of a person to protect their personal and family life. As per this act, the public authority should not interfere with this right, unless in case of national security, economic wellbeing of country, prevention of crime or disorder and public safety. The personal data of the individuals is protected trough the Data Protection Act, 1998. The Health Records Act, 1990 provides the right to access the health information to the patients[8]. In the case of W v Edgell[9], W was convicted for murdering 5 people, along with injuring others. A request was made to the mental health tribunal by the patient to transfer him to a regional unit. Dr. Edgell was requested by the legal counsel of the patient to state in his expert opinion that W was not a threat to the world. As the doctor had a contrary view, the application of W was withdrawn. Dr. Edgell also sent the copies of patients note to the home office and the medical director of the hospital. He was sued by W for a breach of confidence. The judge held that the duty of confidence of a doctor, towards his patient, along with the need to preserve the general reliance on this confidence, can be possible overridden in such cases, where there was an actual risk of violence to the others. To maintain the duty of confidence was a public interest matter and not a private one and so, the public interest had to be balanced, in terms of protecting the members of public from acts of violence. The court held that the actions of Edgell were justified and the breach was in public interest, hence, justified. The healthcare professionals are under the obligation to provide the best possible treatment to their patients, which is available to them, and which is within the limits of law. As per Article 2 of the Human Rights Act, 1998[10], an individual cannot be intentionally deprived of their life, unless there is a case of the execution of a sentence of the curt for a convicted crime. As per Article 3[11], an individual cannot be subjected to degraded or inhumane treatment, and torture. As per Article 8[12], the individuals have the right to respect their family and private life. Unless a case of public interest is involved, the right has to be upheld[13]. As per Article 14[14], there is a restriction on any kind of discrimination. And so, the medical practitioners are expected to respect the right to life, autonomy of patient and not discriminate. In the matter of R (on the Application of Burke) v General Medical Council[15], R Burke had appealed against the ruling of court claiming that there was a breach with regarding to the guidance on withholding and withdrawing life prolonging treatment of GMC. R was suffering from the congenital degenerative brain condition, due to which the patient was confined to wheelchair. Even though his brain functioned in the correct manner, but the medical personnel were apprehensive about the other aspects of his life, as they were prone to deterioration. In such situation, the patient would have needed ANH, or the artificial nutrition and hydration through a tube for his survival. Based on the GMC guidance, the initial court had given its verdict that it was unlawful for the doctors to take away the ANH from any patient[16]. Though, this decision was overturned by the Court of Appeals (CoA) and provided that it the court was not to be used as the centre for general advice. Munby J, the previous judge, was accused of dealing with the public interest issues, instead of focusing over the specific case. The declaration of the GMC guidance was set aside by the CoA. The CoA also addressed the fears of the patient regarding the removal of ANH, whilst R was still competent in expressing his will. Regarding the GMC guidance, there was no need for making a declaration, as per the beliefs of the CoA[17]. And they viewed that as long as the treatment could prolong the life of R, and till his wishes are so, the doctors were under the legal obligation to provide ANH to R. The process of finding the solution to the concerns regarding the performance with the objective of facilitating the practitioners to go back to safe practices is the remediation process[18]. If the patient views that they have received poor medical treatment, they may undergo the complaint process[19]. The complaints of the patients are initially dealt by the health and social care organizations at the local levels. The patients reach ombudsman only if the patients remain disgruntled or a point of understanding could not be attained. Through the complaint process, a medium is provided for both the patients and the practitioners to put the things in the right way. Under the remediation process also, the issue is resolved at the local level[20]. In case, the grievance of the patient is not addressed properly, the patients have the right to approach the health service Ombudsman. Once a complaint is filed, the first stage of local resolution is initiated, under which a resolution is sought. This stage provides the unsatisfied patient with an opportunity to elucidate upon their grievances, and the likely result they want to achieve. The incident is discussed between the hospital and the patient at this very stage. Upon the complaint of patient being resolved, it is often used as a guidance to improve upon the hospitals services. The process is initiated when the patient makes a written complaint; in case a verbal complaint is made, instead of a written one, than the manager of the hospital writes down the complaint and provides the patient with the copy of same. As soon as the complaint is filed, the hospital responds to it, by informing the department or the person against whom the complaint has been made by the patient, so that the respective department or the person is aware about such complaint. The patient is then contacted by the department or the person, so as to try and resolve the issues of complaint. The complainant is informed at this stage regarding how the complaint would be dealt with. Through an investigation or meetings where the patient is provided a chance to talk about the occurred incident, or by arranging a mediator, who could initiate meetings between the two parties, the problems are solved. Upon the completion of the investigation, the patient is contacted and informed the results of the investigations, as well as, the requisite steps taken. Even after the investigation, if the patient remains disgruntled, than the patient is free to file a complaint with the Ombudsman[21]. Bibliography Bernard Gert, Charles M. Culver and K. Danner Clouser, Bioethics: A Return to Fundamentals (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2006) Peter A. Singer and A. M. Viens, The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics (Cambridge University Press 2008) A. Hope, Julian Savulescu and Judith Hendrick, Medical Ethics and Law: The Core Curriculum (2nd edn, Elsevier Health Sciences 2008) Angus Dawson and E Garrard, In defence of moral imperialism: four equal and universal prima facie principles (2006) 32 J Med Ethics 200 David Gurnham, Losing The Wood For The Trees: Burke And The Court Of Appeal (2006) 14 Medical Law Review Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, Remediation and Revalidation: report and recommendations from the Remediation Work Group of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (2016) https://www.gmc-uk.org/Item_6e___Annex_E_AoMRC_Remediation_Report.pdf_28987523.pdf accessed 03 January 2017 HSC, Making a complaint (2016) https://www.belfasttrust.hscni.net/contact/ComplaintProcedure.htm accessed 03 January 2017 Jane Dryden, Autonomy (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2016) https://www.iep.utm.edu/autonomy/ accessed 03 January 2017 NHS, The Back on Track Framework for further training (2016) https://www.ncas.nhs.uk/resources/back-on-track-framework/ accessed 03 January 2017 Nir Eyal, Informed Consent (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 20 September 2011) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/informed-consent/ accessed 03 January 2017 Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, The NHS hospital complaints system A case for urgent treatment? (April 2013) https://www.ombudsman.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/20682/The-NHS-hospital-complaints-system.-A-case-for-urgent-treatment-report_FINAL.pdf accessed 03 January 2017 The BMJ, GMC guidance on end of life care (2010) https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c3231?tab=response-form accessed 03 January 2017 The Guardian, Human Rights Act 1998 (19 January 2009) https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/jan/14/human-rights-act accessed 03 January 2017tProcedure.htm accessed 03 January 2017

Three Rules For A Good Book Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The two books that I read this summer are: # 8220 ; California Blue # 8221 ; by David Klass, and # 8220 ; Mr. Tucket # 8221 ; by Gary Paulsen. # 8221 ; There are three regulations for composing a good book. Unfortunately no 1 knows what they are # 8221 ; . That quotation mark was said by W. Somerset Maugham. Every Writer has their ain three regulations. I came up with my ain. The three regulations that I think are the most important.The first regulation that I think every book should hold is a good gap sentence, and the whole construction of the beginning has to be good. In the first sentence the Writer has to catch the reader, so that the reader will desire to maintain on reading. In the first book that I read # 8220 ; Mr. Tucket # 8221 ; by Gary Paulsen, the Author started out with this sentence # 8220 ; Francis Alphonse Tucket came back to life easy # 8221 ; . This is a good starting sentence because it makes the reader inquire what had happened earlier. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Rules For A Good Book Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What happened that made Francis unconscious, or possibly he was dead, and was brought back to life utilizing smoked of a Alien device. At this point no 1 knows. You have to read on to happen out, and before you notice it you are half manner into the book. However in the 2nd book that I read by David Klass # 8220 ; California Blue # 8221 ; the Author took a whole different attack. He started with this sentence # 8220 ; I don # 8217 ; Ts know why running through a redwood wood ever made me believe of decease # 8221 ; . In this instance the Author started in the center of the book. This is the first clip when I read a book that started like that. It was sort of confusing because I didn # 8217 ; t cognize what was traveling on, until the Author started traveling back and stating what happened to the character that made him run through the forests, and than he continued on with the book. It makes the reader want to maintain on reading to happen out what is traveling on. To happen out why is the character running through the forests, is somebody trailing him? Both of these books do the reader inquire what is traveling to go on next, they grab the reader and do him read on. Books with good gap sentences are the 1s that get read in one sitting.The 2nd regulation that I think is really of import is a good topic. The topic has to be interesting, so that the reader would be interested in reading the book. The writer has to pick a topic that would involvement the reader. Every reader likes something different. Personally I like books that I can either associate to or books that have action in them. The book # 8220 ; Mr. Tucket # 8221 ; by Gary Paulsen, is about cowpunchers and Indians. They shoot guns all the clip. Mr. Tucket is a 14 twelvemonth old bo Y who is kidnapped by Pawnee Indians, he gets rescued my Mr. Grimes. Mr. Grimes teaches him how to last in the wild. While making that they get chased by Indians, about killed by a bear, Mr. Grimes gets changeable, and so on. This book is like an action drive from get downing to stop. However the 2nd book that I read is manner different. It is more religious. # 8220 ; California Blue # 8221 ; by David Klass is about a immature male child who gets cough up in lives jobs. As a adolescent he is interested in running the path, and butterflies. Neither of there chase are understood by his household. He likes running the path, while his pa and brother ever play football. They expect him to wish football excessively. This book is the sort of a book that I can associate excessively. My household neer understands what I like and what I want to make. My parents ever expect me to be person that I # 8217 ; m non. That is why I picked this book to read, I could associate to it. Picking a topic for a book International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t ever easy. Whatever the Writer chooses is neer traveling to fulfill everyone.The last regulation that is besides of import is the subject, or moral. Subject is what you get out of the book, what you learn from it. Reading a book and non acquiring anything out of it would be pointless. Every book has a lesson to larn from it. Reading # 8220 ; California Blue # 8221 ; tough me allot. It thought me how to cover with lives jobs, and to ever travel for what you think is right, non for that what everyone else thinks. For illustration: John Rogers, chief character, had to take between salvaging a butterfly which turns out to be an unknown species, or between the timber factory. Which would hold to be closed in order to salvage the butterfly. Every adult male in the town worked in that factory. Everyone in town expected him to bury about the butterfly and maintain things the manner they were earlier, but he didn # 8217 ; Ts listen to them, he did what he thought was right, and he saved the butterfly. The 2nd book # 8220 ; Mr. Tucket # 8221 ; though me non justice people by the manner they look. For illustration: Mr. Tucket wanted to hold a shot competition with Mr. Grimes. He bet money that he could win, he idea that he could win because Mr. Grimes had merely one arm. Well he lost, it turns out that Mr. Grimes is twice every bit fast as Mr. Tucket. Mr. Tucket judged his opposition by what he looked like, non by his accomplishment. Some books have hidden subjects, that you have to look deep for, while others have unfastened subjects, that may intend different things to different people.Those are my three regulations for good authorship. When of all time I write I try to follow them.

Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered

A historian's task becomes difficult work when an observed incident lacks the logical cause and effect that normally expects from history. The art of dissecting an incident such as this can take centuries, if not more, to accurately expose the incident using multiple interpretations. In Chapter 2 of James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle's After the Fact, the Salem Witch Trials are subject to multiple interpretations, which can both stand on their own, or be intertwined with other interpretations. Davidson and Lytle refer to two of these interpretations as the Visible Salem and Invisible Salem. The Visible Salem refers to the social, economic, religious, and geographical dynamic of the town of Salem. The Invisible Salem refers to the hysteria caused by physical and psychological manifestations of the effects of an "invisible world" of demons, witches, and a Satan who was out to corrupt all. Although each explanation can be viewed as a concrete interpretation of the facts, it seems more logical that truth can be found in both the Visible and Invisible Worlds of Salem. The Invisible Salem seems to serve the conflict mounting within the social, economic, religious, and geographical Visible Salem. When Salem was settled, a small number of houses were built on a Peninsula that stretches into Massachusetts Bay. This constituted Salem Town, which became a center of commerce and a bustling port town that traded with England. As time passed it drew more and more settlers, who were forced to settle farther west into an agrarian village. As the village began to grow larger and larger, outlying areas began to desire succession from the town. In After the Fact, this problem is simply boiled down to money: "Everyone paid taxes to support a minister for the town church, to maintain the roads, and to care for the poor. If a chunk of the village split off, revenue would be lost" (Davidson & Lytle, 38). This caused rising tensions bet... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered A historian's task becomes difficult work when an observed incident lacks the logical cause and effect that normally expects from history. The art of dissecting an incident such as this can take centuries, if not more, to accurately expose the incident using multiple interpretations. In Chapter 2 of James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle's After the Fact, the Salem Witch Trials are subject to multiple interpretations, which can both stand on their own, or be intertwined with other interpretations. Davidson and Lytle refer to two of these interpretations as the Visible Salem and Invisible Salem. The Visible Salem refers to the social, economic, religious, and geographical dynamic of the town of Salem. The Invisible Salem refers to the hysteria caused by physical and psychological manifestations of the effects of an "invisible world" of demons, witches, and a Satan who was out to corrupt all. Although each explanation can be viewed as a concrete interpretation of the facts, it seems more logical that truth can be found in both the Visible and Invisible Worlds of Salem. The Invisible Salem seems to serve the conflict mounting within the social, economic, religious, and geographical Visible Salem. When Salem was settled, a small number of houses were built on a Peninsula that stretches into Massachusetts Bay. This constituted Salem Town, which became a center of commerce and a bustling port town that traded with England. As time passed it drew more and more settlers, who were forced to settle farther west into an agrarian village. As the village began to grow larger and larger, outlying areas began to desire succession from the town. In After the Fact, this problem is simply boiled down to money: "Everyone paid taxes to support a minister for the town church, to maintain the roads, and to care for the poor. If a chunk of the village split off, revenue would be lost" (Davidson & Lytle, 38). This caused rising tensions bet...

Universal Basic Income - Definition and History

Universal Basic Income - Definition and History Universal basic income is a controversial proposal under which the government provides regular, permanent cash payments to each citizen with the intent of lifting everyone out of poverty, encouraging their participation in the economy and covering the costs of their most fundamental needs including food, housing and clothing. Everyone, in other words, gets a paycheck - whether they work or not. The idea of setting a universal basic income has been around for centuries but remains largely experimental. Canada, Germany, Switzerland and Finland have launched trials of universal basic income variations. It gained some momentum among some economists, sociologists and tech industry leaders with the advent of technology that allowed factories and businesses to automate the manufacturing of goods and to reduce the size of their human workforces. How the Universal Basic Income Works There are many variations of the universal basic income. The most basic of these proposals would merely replace Social Security, unemployment compensation and public-assistance programs with a basic income for every citizen. The U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network supports such a plan, stating that the system of trying to force Americans into the workforce as a way of eliminating poverty has not proven successful. Some estimates show that approximately 10 percent of people who work full time all year around live in poverty. Hard work and a booming economy have not comes close to eliminating poverty. A universal program like the basic income guarantee could eliminate poverty, the group states. Its plan would provide a  level of income necessary to meet their most basic needs to every American, regardless of whether they worked, in a system is describes as an efficient, effective, and equitable solution to poverty that promotes individual freedom and leaves the beneficial aspects of a market economy in place. A more complicated version of the universal basic income would provide about the same monthly payment to every American adult, but it would also require that about a quarter of the money be spent on health care insurance. It would also impose graduated taxes on the universal basic income for any other earnings over $30,000. The program would be paid for by eliminating public-assistance programs and entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare.   Cost of Providing a Universal Basic Income One universal basic income proposal would provide $1,000 a month to all 234 million adults in the United States. A household with two adults and two children, for example, would receive $24,000 a year, barely hitting the poverty line. Such a program would cost the federal government $2.7 trillion a year, according to economist Andy Stern, who writes about the universal basic income in a 2016 book, Raising the Floor. Stern has said the program could be funded by eliminating about $1 trillion in antipoverty programs and reducing spending on defense, among other methods. Why Universal Basic Income Is a Good Idea Charles Murray, a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and the author of In Our Hands: A Plan to Replace the Welfare State,† has written that a universal basic income is the best way to maintain a civil society amid what he described as a coming labor market unlike any in human history. It will need to be possible, within a few decades, for a life well lived in the U.S. not to involve a job as traditionally defined. ... The good news is that a well-designed UBI can do much more than help us to cope with disaster. It also could provide an invaluable benefit: injecting new resources and new energy into an American civic culture that has historically been one of our greatest assets but that has deteriorated alarmingly in recent decades. Why Universal Basic Income Is a Bad Idea Critics of a universal basic income say that it creates a disincentive for people to work and it rewards non-productive activities. States the Mises Institution, named for the Austrian economic Ludwig von Mises: The struggling entrepreneurs and artists ... are struggling for a reason. For whatever reason, the market has deemed the goods they are providing to be insufficiently valuable. Their work simply isn’t productive according to those who would potentially consume the goods or services in question. In a functioning  marketplace, producers of goods the consumers dont want  would quickly have to abandon such endeavors and focus their efforts into productive areas of the economy. The universal basic income, however, allows them to continue their less-valued  endeavors  with the money of those who have actually produced value, which gets to the ultimate problem of all government welfare programs. Critics also describe the universal basic income as a wealth-distribution scheme that punishes those who work harder and earn more by directing more of their earnings to the program. Those who earn the least benefit the most, creating the disincentive to work, they believe. History of Universal Basic Income The humanist philosopher Thomas More, writing in his seminal 1516 work  Utopia, argued for a universal basic income. The Nobel Prize winning activist  Bertrand Russell  proposed in 1918 that a universal basic income, sufficient for necessities, should be secured for all, whether they work or not, and that a larger income should be given to those who are willing to engage in some work which the community recognizes as useful. On this basis we may build further. Bertrands view was that providing the basic needs of every citizen would free them up to work on more important societal goals and live more harmoniously with their fellow man. After World War II, economist Milton Friedman  floated the idea of a guaranteed income. Friedman wrote: We should replace the ragbag of specific welfare programs with a single comprehensive program of income supplements in cash - a negative income tax. It would provide an assured minimum to all persons in need, regardless of the reasons for their need†¦A negative income tax provides comprehensive reform which would do more efficiently and humanely what our present welfare system does so inefficiently and inhumanely. In the modern era, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has forward the idea, telling Harvard University graduates that we should explore ideas like universal basic income to make sure that everyone has a cushion to try new ideas.

Marine Wildlife Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marine Wildlife - Assignment Example The impact marine preys like fur seals have on their target prey and more especially their resultant interaction with other fisheries has been a subject of continuous study and research interest. The wide array of species and species groups within the marine ecosystem has further expounded this area of research (Wilke & Kenyon, 1954). Various researches have calculated the overall prey requirements of predators including the seabirds, seals as well as whales and such studies avail regional food assessment necessary for maintenance of the respective species population (Perez & Mooney, 1984). In a world where many animals are faced with the possibility of extinction, such research are crucial and can go a long way in helping preserve the threatened population species. The studies have also facilitated and engaged in examination of food web interactions strengths. Additionally, such studies help in understanding the biogeochemical carbon cycling processes (Perez & Bigg, 1981; Townsend, 1899). According to Kajimura (1980, P. 46) fur seals are most commonly found in the areas lying within 74 to 130 km off the land and are frequently in large numbers along the continental shelf as well as slope in areas where pelagic schooling fishes and also squids are generally found in abundance. The study also reported that the fur seals and most regularly found in waters whose temperatures range from 8Â °C to 14Â °C. At sea, the fur seals feed on a range of fish species. The relative proportion of individual prey species included in the fur seals' diet often varies by months (Kajimura 1982; Perez and Bigg 1984). This is as a result of the apparent changes in their scavenging locations, and also the seasonal movements, prey abundance, as well as availability (Lander & Kajimura, 1982). Generally, the fur seals' vary their diets during winter and spring to correspond to the prevailing conditions. Previous researches estimate that the fur seals often consume preys whose respective lengths are 10 to 30 cm, although there are instances where much longer preys are consumed although such must be broken down before consumption (Townsend, 1899, p. 241). This study investigates the average length as well as biomass content of some of the species most fed on by the fur seals. Methods The first step involves measurement of otoliths and beaks of the seals. This is based on the fact that the otoliths are susceptible to degradation and size reduction as they move via the seal’s digestive tract as a result of prey size underestimation. As a result, only the otoliths that reveal little erosion evidence are used to obtain the estimates of fish sizes. Each otolith is rated on scale of 1-5 as per their erosion levels whereby 1 is considered identifiable although substantially eroded while 5 is considered primeval. As an inclusion criterion, only otoliths whose ratings lie above 3 will be measured. Measurement of the otolith leg length is done between its anterior and posterior margins. The measurement is done in mmm with the help of a dissecting microscope and making use of eye-piece graticules. In order to avoid obtaining of size estimates from the same fish, the measurements taken are only for the otoliths of the sides that possess the highest number of intact otoliths of each sample specie. Biasing the cephalopods estimate of sizes is also a key concern to this research. To avoid it, only the cephalopod beaks that are unbroken will be

A summative assignment based on the use a self analysis tool as a Essay

A summative assignment based on the use a self analysis tool as a Clinical Manager of an Acute Medical Ward - Essay Example Jung, its first publishing was done in 1921. The initial questionnaire that developed in into the MBTI Indicator was published 1962. The MBTI mainly focuses normal populations and emphasizes on naturally occurring differences that exist ( Capraro, 2002 p. 590). Origins of the theory Jung's theory publishing was done in 1921 and it was not tested or verified under the controlled studies scientifically but it included clinical observation and introspection as well as anecdote method which are inconclusive in the modern psychology which argue that for the theory to be published it must be studied scientifically. Validity of the theory The statistical validity of this theory and use of psychometric instrument (MBTI) has found criticism in many aspects. It has been argued that there lack critical scrutiny since most of the published material on this MBTI tool was for conferences. About a third or half have been estimated that material used were for the conferences or journals which were e dited by its advocates (Capraro, 2002, p.595). Researchers expected bimodal distribution on the peaks almost at the end of the scales but these scores on subscales individually were centrally peaked distributed which was the same as the normal distribution. At the center to subscale a cutoff existed in away that the one score is classified one type while the other as an opposite type. This does not support the concept of type. Reliability of the theory Interpreted reliability from the studies has indicated the test is low. Researchers found that thirty nine percent and seventy six per cent of the test is different types. CONCEPTS As the Manual states this indicator is designed for implementing a hypothesis or a theory. Therefore the hypothesis should be comprehended so as to understand the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. Theory of psychological type is fundamental to the Myers Briggs Type Indicator as originally it was developed by Jung. He proposed an existence of two cognitive functi oning dichotomous pairs: these are judging (rational) which has functions of feeling as well as thinking and perceiving (irrational) which has functions of intuition and sensing. These functions are in introverted form or extraverted form in expression. From this concept of Jung others such as Briggs and Myers came up with their own theory for psychological type and this became the base of MBTI (Capraro, 2002, p. 598). Jung's typological model regards left handedness or right handedness as similar to psychological type. This means that individuals may be born with or may develop a certain way of thinking and acting depending on preference. MBTI is on these psychological differences and put them into four pairs that are opposite to each other with 16 possible combinations psychological types. None of these psychological types are better or even worse than the other. But Briggs and Myers developed a theory that individuals prefer one combination overall with the type differences. In t his case, writing using the left hand may be hard for a right handed people