The Effect of the Second Hand Clothing Industry on the...

Towards the end of the twentieth century the western world became more aware of its responsibility to protect the earth from human waste. There are enumerable movements and organization that aim to protect the ozone, oceans, polar ice caps, air, soil and land fills. A recurring message that all organizations who work to save the earth spread is the need for humans to recycle. In North America items that are no longer wanted but are still useable are donated to Charitable organizations like Goodwill and Salvation Army. People are expected to recycle everything from old containers to electronics cars and clothing. Americans donate about two point five billion pounds of clothing each year (Packer 2002). Everyone feels a little better†¦show more content†¦Although lower class Americans and Europeans had a history of wearing used clothes, they were still unwilling to excess military uniforms because garments were a marker of economic status and a persons in ability to afford ne w clothes. It is one thing to have to wear used clothes but another to make a social announcement about the price and origin of ones clothing. Old uniforms found home in the wardrobes of Africans who proudly integrated the items from the new world into their wardrobe (Martin 407). With the industrial revolution came an increase in disposable income which meant Westerners could afford to spend more money on clothing thus leading to an increase in cast offs. Clothing is no longer a necessity in the Western world due to the success of industrialization in the western world resulting in lower production cost. The purchase of new clothes is a method of self indulgence that results in over three hundred and fifty billion dollar industry in America alone (Morss Global Finance). With the seasonal purchase of new clothes, the old are taken to the local salvation army and thrift stores are dispensed at drop off bins found at malls and shopping centers. Most Americans assume that the journey o f their old clothes ends in America where they are repurchased by poor Americans. However, the truth even poor Americans are unwillingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Globalization on Women in East Africa1274 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Globalization on Women in East Africa Imagine you are a woman working in East Africa. You were forced to drop out of school because your family couldn’t afford it and you are unable to provide a good quality of life for your children so you have to work at a labor-intensive job that pays poorly and has no benefits. This is the sad reality for many women in East Africa. In many African countries, women receive less formal schooling job training, and opportunities for advancement withinRead MoreThe Travels Of A T Shirt1248 Words   |  5 PagesAnswer 1 â€Å"The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy† focuses on a t-tshirt that makes its way around the world from the beginning stages of production to the end of its usefulness. Pietra Rivoli, an economist and the author of the book, tracks the life story of her t-shirt and explores the relationships between people, politics and markets. The book is broken down into four parts: â€Å"King Cotton†, â€Å"Made in China†, â€Å"Trouble at the Border† and â€Å"My T-shirt Finally Encounters a Free Market†. Read MoreGeneral Motors4073 Words   |  17 Pagesinformation obtainable from it to formulate your answer. At the business unit level the strategic issues of General Motors are both practical co-ordination of operating units and about developing and sustaining a competitive advantage for the cars and industry that they provide. The marketing manager’s role is to formulate and implement strategies that deal with the positioning: General Motors has to find a way of positioning and differentiating its cars and services against rivals such as BMW. TheyRead MoreAnalyse the Causes of Poverty in the World and Evaluate Attempts to Address It on a Global Scale1391 Words   |  6 Pagescontributes to its high level of poverty. Comparatively, in Western Europe, countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands also have high population densities but use mechanised farming and high-tech industries which is one reason why they have a high standard of living. On the other hand, many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa have very low population densities, 80 persons per square mile. Here they use manual subsistence farming, in an area where the land is infertile and they have a lack of resources in terms ofRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on the Retail Industry in South Africa2468 Words   |  10 PagesThe impact of Globalization on the Retail Industry in South Africa by Niezaam Jedaar 18 March 2011 Submitted as part of the requirements for Business Fundamentals in the B Tech (I.T.) program at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology PLAGIARISM DECLARATION Plagiarism is defined as the unacknowledged or unattributed copying of material from any information source whether written, printed or electronic. This includes copying from a fellow student. The use of such material is a formRead MoreThe Crisis of Developing Countries Results from Two Sets of Factors. Clearly Identify and Critically Discuss Both Sets of Factors. in Your View, Which Sets of Factors Weigh More for the Development Crisis and Why?3026 Words   |  13 Pagesword ‘development’ has been an issue of great discussion in the media both in developing countries both in Africa and the world at large. The leaders of LDCs have for years been trying to change their countries for the better so as to bring them up to par with the developed countries of the world but can most developing countries can show, much of this effort has proved to be in vain as these countries are still struggling. These countries are in what is termed as the crisis of development whichRead Mor eInternational Aid Or Development Assistance Essay2412 Words   |  10 PagesInternational aid or development assistance is defined in several ways. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines international aid to â€Å"include grants and loans to developing countries and territories which are: (i) with the promotion of economic development and welfare in the recipient country as the main objective and (ii) at concessional financial terms (i.e. conveys a grant element of at least 25 percent).† This definition is commonly accepted, however; some analystsRead MoreWhy Did The Industrial Revolution Begin?1535 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the highest incomes in the entire world, the income was high way before industrialization. By Britain having a high income created a population with disposable income for the products like clothing produced in factories, and commodity products that supported trade in the 17th and 18th centuries. Second reason is bec ause Britain was relatively well-developed financial sector. The British Financial Sector in the 17th and 18th centuries was one of the most progressive and refined in the world. BritainRead MoreEssay about Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts in Tourism2275 Words   |  10 Pagessustainability, to highlight the importance of these crucial issues to sustainable development of tourism. The term sustainable tourism means, tourism that is developed in such a way so as to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Lawton Weaver, 2006, pp. 343). This is an important concept when analysing the various impacts of tourism industries within a particular area. Keeping this in mind, the Sustainable tourism values and

Are Dreams the Reason for Mythology - 1160 Words

Dreams are the series of thoughts, images, and sensations that occur in a person’s mind while they are unconscious, so is it even possible to say that they are the reasons why we have myths. Throughout this course we learn about myths, how they were created, and the authors who wrote them, but can the reason we truly have myths be due to a dream the author had. In part five of book we learn that while we are unconscious we form several perspectives from our personalities and our minds later form these archetypes. Sigmund Freud, the first and most famous dream theorist of the modern era, believed that the emotions that survive in the area in our mind that stores memories, ideas, feelings, fears, and wishes are â€Å"repressed† and preserved without conscious awareness. Dreams have a significant relationship with myths because of the emotional power these dreams that make them seem like there is meaning to them. While some psychologist do believe that there is meaning behind the dreams an individual has, others scientist believe that dreams occur because of REMs. REMs are rapid eye-movements sleep, which is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming, and faster pulse and breathing. Based off several studies made by scientist it showed that if humans are being deprived by this sleep by organic or chemical failures their health and well-being will deteriorate and can later die. When human beings dream their minds form archetypes, or mythological patterns or themes basedShow MoreRelatedJoseph Campbell: The Power of Myth1469 Words   |  6 PagesMyth Chapters 1-3 1. Myth reveals spiritual truth about the world. Why read myths? You need myths to find your truth. You have elaborate myths to compare to everyday experiences and to other myths. â€Å"Myths give a meaning to life (Campbell, 5). Mythology is a collection of stories based on one’s knowledge and stories of experience. Myths are clues to life meaning. They are clues to â€Å"spiritual potentialities† or your potential to develop spiritually and finding your inner self. For example, marriageRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesaffects every aspect of our lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; twoRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream1094 Words   |  5 PagesJeana Jago Theater History J. Robideau October,1st 2015 A Midsummer Night’s Dream In a Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare story about romantic desire. 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Even ideas about how this world of ours came to existence have many myths, creationRead MoreMythology Is So Much More Than A Collection Of Stories887 Words   |  4 PagesAh but you see that is where you are wrong, mythology is so much more than a collection of stories. Mythology covers topics passed down through generations that all offer life lessons and morals to live by. Mythology is a way for different cultures and religions across the world to stay connected. While each group might have different practices they are often done for the same reasons- from rites of passage into adult hood to the afterlife, common my ths are used in countless different places withRead MoreSpongebob Square Pants has Many Attributes of the Greek Gods Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesattributes. Characteristics like greed, power, and deception are all recognizable in Greek gods from ancient mythology as well as in Mr. Krabs, King Neptune, and Plankton. 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Although both men and women have practiced magic in Norse literature, it is explicitly pointed out in most stories that men, by using most forms of magic, were taking on a female art, which meant risking their reputation and manlinessRead MoreDifference Between Primitive Mythology And Classical Mythology1071 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The difference between primitive mythology and classical mythology is that primitive leans towards the dark and gruesome, whereas classical mythology is move cultivated and not as scary and disturbing as primitive. The Greeks, unlike the Egyptians, made their gods in the image of man. The gods of the egyptians did have some sort of human forms, but it was also half-casted with animals The â€Å"miracle of greek mythology† was when the world became more enlightened and it was not so muchRead MoreAnalysis Of Percy Jackson And The Sea Of Monster1636 Words   |  7 Pages1830 they won independence from the Ottoman Empire. 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Typical examples include a using a convulsing God

Academy of Medical Royal Colleges

Question: Discuss about the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Answer: Introduction: Autonomy is the ability or right of an individual to exercise the necessary freedom of self-government[1]. When an individual is capable of deciding the personal objectives, without any influence, the individual is said to be autonomous. The respect of autonomy is crucial in medical practices to be called reasonable. Respecting the autonomy of an individual refers to giving necessary weightage to their choices, as well as, their opinions, without any kind of interference, unless and until, such results in harm to the others. The freedom to act gets infringed, if this autonomy is denied. As the life of a person progresses, the autonomy also transforms, where at this, this autonomy is completely lost, partially or completely, as a result of immaturity, imprisonment or illness. Just because a person is incapacitated, their autonomy cannot be disrespected or less protected. The respect for patients autonomy presents a range of difficulties in delivering the healthcare, especially in the cases where the patient is imprisoned, incompetent or comatose. A retarded persons autonomy is limited by incapacitation and that of a prisoner is limited by coercive institutionalization. In such situation where the person does not have autonomy, they can be easily influenced by other people. The lack of autonomy becomes a hurdle in the clinical setting when informed consent, voluntariness, comprehension and disclosure are required[2]. For the decision of a patient to be taken autonomously, it has to be made by a competent person in an informed and voluntary manner. In the case of C. v. Wren[3], C was a 16 year old girl, who was pregnant, and left the home to arrange for an abortion. Since her parents were against the abortion, they wanted to stop the procedure and claimed that C did not have the capacity to consent. While deciding if the patient has to be given the autonomy to make their choice, the doctor has to consider the capacity and competency of the patient, in making rational decisions. The autonomy has to be free from any controlling influence, and the decision has to be taken by the medical practitioner on the basis of rationality of the patient[4]. When a patient can think, decide and act freely, as well as, independently, such patient is autonomous[5]. In the given case, the patients decision would not harm anyone and she knew the result of her choices. And this is the reason why court ruled in Cs favor, and the wishes of her parent were not taken to be relevant. So, it can be concluded that respect for autonomy is present in clinic al situations. The general well being and the welfare of the people, is referred as public interest. And it is known fact that the patient confidentiality has to be upheld. As highlighted in the previous question, the respect for autonomy gives the right to the patient to exercise control over their life. To certain extent, the decision regarding the access to the information of patient is also included in this. If there is a breach in confidentiality, the doctor loses their patient[6]. Article 8 of the Human Rights Act, 1998[7] provides the right of a person to protect their personal and family life. As per this act, the public authority should not interfere with this right, unless in case of national security, economic wellbeing of country, prevention of crime or disorder and public safety. The personal data of the individuals is protected trough the Data Protection Act, 1998. The Health Records Act, 1990 provides the right to access the health information to the patients[8]. In the case of W v Edgell[9], W was convicted for murdering 5 people, along with injuring others. A request was made to the mental health tribunal by the patient to transfer him to a regional unit. Dr. Edgell was requested by the legal counsel of the patient to state in his expert opinion that W was not a threat to the world. As the doctor had a contrary view, the application of W was withdrawn. Dr. Edgell also sent the copies of patients note to the home office and the medical director of the hospital. He was sued by W for a breach of confidence. The judge held that the duty of confidence of a doctor, towards his patient, along with the need to preserve the general reliance on this confidence, can be possible overridden in such cases, where there was an actual risk of violence to the others. To maintain the duty of confidence was a public interest matter and not a private one and so, the public interest had to be balanced, in terms of protecting the members of public from acts of violence. The court held that the actions of Edgell were justified and the breach was in public interest, hence, justified. The healthcare professionals are under the obligation to provide the best possible treatment to their patients, which is available to them, and which is within the limits of law. As per Article 2 of the Human Rights Act, 1998[10], an individual cannot be intentionally deprived of their life, unless there is a case of the execution of a sentence of the curt for a convicted crime. As per Article 3[11], an individual cannot be subjected to degraded or inhumane treatment, and torture. As per Article 8[12], the individuals have the right to respect their family and private life. Unless a case of public interest is involved, the right has to be upheld[13]. As per Article 14[14], there is a restriction on any kind of discrimination. And so, the medical practitioners are expected to respect the right to life, autonomy of patient and not discriminate. In the matter of R (on the Application of Burke) v General Medical Council[15], R Burke had appealed against the ruling of court claiming that there was a breach with regarding to the guidance on withholding and withdrawing life prolonging treatment of GMC. R was suffering from the congenital degenerative brain condition, due to which the patient was confined to wheelchair. Even though his brain functioned in the correct manner, but the medical personnel were apprehensive about the other aspects of his life, as they were prone to deterioration. In such situation, the patient would have needed ANH, or the artificial nutrition and hydration through a tube for his survival. Based on the GMC guidance, the initial court had given its verdict that it was unlawful for the doctors to take away the ANH from any patient[16]. Though, this decision was overturned by the Court of Appeals (CoA) and provided that it the court was not to be used as the centre for general advice. Munby J, the previous judge, was accused of dealing with the public interest issues, instead of focusing over the specific case. The declaration of the GMC guidance was set aside by the CoA. The CoA also addressed the fears of the patient regarding the removal of ANH, whilst R was still competent in expressing his will. Regarding the GMC guidance, there was no need for making a declaration, as per the beliefs of the CoA[17]. And they viewed that as long as the treatment could prolong the life of R, and till his wishes are so, the doctors were under the legal obligation to provide ANH to R. The process of finding the solution to the concerns regarding the performance with the objective of facilitating the practitioners to go back to safe practices is the remediation process[18]. If the patient views that they have received poor medical treatment, they may undergo the complaint process[19]. The complaints of the patients are initially dealt by the health and social care organizations at the local levels. The patients reach ombudsman only if the patients remain disgruntled or a point of understanding could not be attained. Through the complaint process, a medium is provided for both the patients and the practitioners to put the things in the right way. Under the remediation process also, the issue is resolved at the local level[20]. In case, the grievance of the patient is not addressed properly, the patients have the right to approach the health service Ombudsman. Once a complaint is filed, the first stage of local resolution is initiated, under which a resolution is sought. This stage provides the unsatisfied patient with an opportunity to elucidate upon their grievances, and the likely result they want to achieve. The incident is discussed between the hospital and the patient at this very stage. Upon the complaint of patient being resolved, it is often used as a guidance to improve upon the hospitals services. The process is initiated when the patient makes a written complaint; in case a verbal complaint is made, instead of a written one, than the manager of the hospital writes down the complaint and provides the patient with the copy of same. As soon as the complaint is filed, the hospital responds to it, by informing the department or the person against whom the complaint has been made by the patient, so that the respective department or the person is aware about such complaint. The patient is then contacted by the department or the person, so as to try and resolve the issues of complaint. The complainant is informed at this stage regarding how the complaint would be dealt with. Through an investigation or meetings where the patient is provided a chance to talk about the occurred incident, or by arranging a mediator, who could initiate meetings between the two parties, the problems are solved. Upon the completion of the investigation, the patient is contacted and informed the results of the investigations, as well as, the requisite steps taken. Even after the investigation, if the patient remains disgruntled, than the patient is free to file a complaint with the Ombudsman[21]. Bibliography Bernard Gert, Charles M. Culver and K. Danner Clouser, Bioethics: A Return to Fundamentals (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2006) Peter A. Singer and A. M. Viens, The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics (Cambridge University Press 2008) A. Hope, Julian Savulescu and Judith Hendrick, Medical Ethics and Law: The Core Curriculum (2nd edn, Elsevier Health Sciences 2008) Angus Dawson and E Garrard, In defence of moral imperialism: four equal and universal prima facie principles (2006) 32 J Med Ethics 200 David Gurnham, Losing The Wood For The Trees: Burke And The Court Of Appeal (2006) 14 Medical Law Review Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, Remediation and Revalidation: report and recommendations from the Remediation Work Group of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (2016) https://www.gmc-uk.org/Item_6e___Annex_E_AoMRC_Remediation_Report.pdf_28987523.pdf accessed 03 January 2017 HSC, Making a complaint (2016) https://www.belfasttrust.hscni.net/contact/ComplaintProcedure.htm accessed 03 January 2017 Jane Dryden, Autonomy (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2016) https://www.iep.utm.edu/autonomy/ accessed 03 January 2017 NHS, The Back on Track Framework for further training (2016) https://www.ncas.nhs.uk/resources/back-on-track-framework/ accessed 03 January 2017 Nir Eyal, Informed Consent (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 20 September 2011) https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/informed-consent/ accessed 03 January 2017 Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, The NHS hospital complaints system A case for urgent treatment? (April 2013) https://www.ombudsman.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/20682/The-NHS-hospital-complaints-system.-A-case-for-urgent-treatment-report_FINAL.pdf accessed 03 January 2017 The BMJ, GMC guidance on end of life care (2010) https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c3231?tab=response-form accessed 03 January 2017 The Guardian, Human Rights Act 1998 (19 January 2009) https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/jan/14/human-rights-act accessed 03 January 2017tProcedure.htm accessed 03 January 2017

Three Rules For A Good Book Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The two books that I read this summer are: # 8220 ; California Blue # 8221 ; by David Klass, and # 8220 ; Mr. Tucket # 8221 ; by Gary Paulsen. # 8221 ; There are three regulations for composing a good book. Unfortunately no 1 knows what they are # 8221 ; . That quotation mark was said by W. Somerset Maugham. Every Writer has their ain three regulations. I came up with my ain. The three regulations that I think are the most important.The first regulation that I think every book should hold is a good gap sentence, and the whole construction of the beginning has to be good. In the first sentence the Writer has to catch the reader, so that the reader will desire to maintain on reading. In the first book that I read # 8220 ; Mr. Tucket # 8221 ; by Gary Paulsen, the Author started out with this sentence # 8220 ; Francis Alphonse Tucket came back to life easy # 8221 ; . This is a good starting sentence because it makes the reader inquire what had happened earlier. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Rules For A Good Book Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What happened that made Francis unconscious, or possibly he was dead, and was brought back to life utilizing smoked of a Alien device. At this point no 1 knows. You have to read on to happen out, and before you notice it you are half manner into the book. However in the 2nd book that I read by David Klass # 8220 ; California Blue # 8221 ; the Author took a whole different attack. He started with this sentence # 8220 ; I don # 8217 ; Ts know why running through a redwood wood ever made me believe of decease # 8221 ; . In this instance the Author started in the center of the book. This is the first clip when I read a book that started like that. It was sort of confusing because I didn # 8217 ; t cognize what was traveling on, until the Author started traveling back and stating what happened to the character that made him run through the forests, and than he continued on with the book. It makes the reader want to maintain on reading to happen out what is traveling on. To happen out why is the character running through the forests, is somebody trailing him? Both of these books do the reader inquire what is traveling to go on next, they grab the reader and do him read on. Books with good gap sentences are the 1s that get read in one sitting.The 2nd regulation that I think is really of import is a good topic. The topic has to be interesting, so that the reader would be interested in reading the book. The writer has to pick a topic that would involvement the reader. Every reader likes something different. Personally I like books that I can either associate to or books that have action in them. The book # 8220 ; Mr. Tucket # 8221 ; by Gary Paulsen, is about cowpunchers and Indians. They shoot guns all the clip. Mr. Tucket is a 14 twelvemonth old bo Y who is kidnapped by Pawnee Indians, he gets rescued my Mr. Grimes. Mr. Grimes teaches him how to last in the wild. While making that they get chased by Indians, about killed by a bear, Mr. Grimes gets changeable, and so on. This book is like an action drive from get downing to stop. However the 2nd book that I read is manner different. It is more religious. # 8220 ; California Blue # 8221 ; by David Klass is about a immature male child who gets cough up in lives jobs. As a adolescent he is interested in running the path, and butterflies. Neither of there chase are understood by his household. He likes running the path, while his pa and brother ever play football. They expect him to wish football excessively. This book is the sort of a book that I can associate excessively. My household neer understands what I like and what I want to make. My parents ever expect me to be person that I # 8217 ; m non. That is why I picked this book to read, I could associate to it. Picking a topic for a book International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t ever easy. Whatever the Writer chooses is neer traveling to fulfill everyone.The last regulation that is besides of import is the subject, or moral. Subject is what you get out of the book, what you learn from it. Reading a book and non acquiring anything out of it would be pointless. Every book has a lesson to larn from it. Reading # 8220 ; California Blue # 8221 ; tough me allot. It thought me how to cover with lives jobs, and to ever travel for what you think is right, non for that what everyone else thinks. For illustration: John Rogers, chief character, had to take between salvaging a butterfly which turns out to be an unknown species, or between the timber factory. Which would hold to be closed in order to salvage the butterfly. Every adult male in the town worked in that factory. Everyone in town expected him to bury about the butterfly and maintain things the manner they were earlier, but he didn # 8217 ; Ts listen to them, he did what he thought was right, and he saved the butterfly. The 2nd book # 8220 ; Mr. Tucket # 8221 ; though me non justice people by the manner they look. For illustration: Mr. Tucket wanted to hold a shot competition with Mr. Grimes. He bet money that he could win, he idea that he could win because Mr. Grimes had merely one arm. Well he lost, it turns out that Mr. Grimes is twice every bit fast as Mr. Tucket. Mr. Tucket judged his opposition by what he looked like, non by his accomplishment. Some books have hidden subjects, that you have to look deep for, while others have unfastened subjects, that may intend different things to different people.Those are my three regulations for good authorship. When of all time I write I try to follow them.

Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered

A historian's task becomes difficult work when an observed incident lacks the logical cause and effect that normally expects from history. The art of dissecting an incident such as this can take centuries, if not more, to accurately expose the incident using multiple interpretations. In Chapter 2 of James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle's After the Fact, the Salem Witch Trials are subject to multiple interpretations, which can both stand on their own, or be intertwined with other interpretations. Davidson and Lytle refer to two of these interpretations as the Visible Salem and Invisible Salem. The Visible Salem refers to the social, economic, religious, and geographical dynamic of the town of Salem. The Invisible Salem refers to the hysteria caused by physical and psychological manifestations of the effects of an "invisible world" of demons, witches, and a Satan who was out to corrupt all. Although each explanation can be viewed as a concrete interpretation of the facts, it seems more logical that truth can be found in both the Visible and Invisible Worlds of Salem. The Invisible Salem seems to serve the conflict mounting within the social, economic, religious, and geographical Visible Salem. When Salem was settled, a small number of houses were built on a Peninsula that stretches into Massachusetts Bay. This constituted Salem Town, which became a center of commerce and a bustling port town that traded with England. As time passed it drew more and more settlers, who were forced to settle farther west into an agrarian village. As the village began to grow larger and larger, outlying areas began to desire succession from the town. In After the Fact, this problem is simply boiled down to money: "Everyone paid taxes to support a minister for the town church, to maintain the roads, and to care for the poor. If a chunk of the village split off, revenue would be lost" (Davidson & Lytle, 38). This caused rising tensions bet... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Uncovered A historian's task becomes difficult work when an observed incident lacks the logical cause and effect that normally expects from history. The art of dissecting an incident such as this can take centuries, if not more, to accurately expose the incident using multiple interpretations. In Chapter 2 of James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle's After the Fact, the Salem Witch Trials are subject to multiple interpretations, which can both stand on their own, or be intertwined with other interpretations. Davidson and Lytle refer to two of these interpretations as the Visible Salem and Invisible Salem. The Visible Salem refers to the social, economic, religious, and geographical dynamic of the town of Salem. The Invisible Salem refers to the hysteria caused by physical and psychological manifestations of the effects of an "invisible world" of demons, witches, and a Satan who was out to corrupt all. Although each explanation can be viewed as a concrete interpretation of the facts, it seems more logical that truth can be found in both the Visible and Invisible Worlds of Salem. The Invisible Salem seems to serve the conflict mounting within the social, economic, religious, and geographical Visible Salem. When Salem was settled, a small number of houses were built on a Peninsula that stretches into Massachusetts Bay. This constituted Salem Town, which became a center of commerce and a bustling port town that traded with England. As time passed it drew more and more settlers, who were forced to settle farther west into an agrarian village. As the village began to grow larger and larger, outlying areas began to desire succession from the town. In After the Fact, this problem is simply boiled down to money: "Everyone paid taxes to support a minister for the town church, to maintain the roads, and to care for the poor. If a chunk of the village split off, revenue would be lost" (Davidson & Lytle, 38). This caused rising tensions bet...

Universal Basic Income - Definition and History

Universal Basic Income - Definition and History Universal basic income is a controversial proposal under which the government provides regular, permanent cash payments to each citizen with the intent of lifting everyone out of poverty, encouraging their participation in the economy and covering the costs of their most fundamental needs including food, housing and clothing. Everyone, in other words, gets a paycheck - whether they work or not. The idea of setting a universal basic income has been around for centuries but remains largely experimental. Canada, Germany, Switzerland and Finland have launched trials of universal basic income variations. It gained some momentum among some economists, sociologists and tech industry leaders with the advent of technology that allowed factories and businesses to automate the manufacturing of goods and to reduce the size of their human workforces. How the Universal Basic Income Works There are many variations of the universal basic income. The most basic of these proposals would merely replace Social Security, unemployment compensation and public-assistance programs with a basic income for every citizen. The U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network supports such a plan, stating that the system of trying to force Americans into the workforce as a way of eliminating poverty has not proven successful. Some estimates show that approximately 10 percent of people who work full time all year around live in poverty. Hard work and a booming economy have not comes close to eliminating poverty. A universal program like the basic income guarantee could eliminate poverty, the group states. Its plan would provide a  level of income necessary to meet their most basic needs to every American, regardless of whether they worked, in a system is describes as an efficient, effective, and equitable solution to poverty that promotes individual freedom and leaves the beneficial aspects of a market economy in place. A more complicated version of the universal basic income would provide about the same monthly payment to every American adult, but it would also require that about a quarter of the money be spent on health care insurance. It would also impose graduated taxes on the universal basic income for any other earnings over $30,000. The program would be paid for by eliminating public-assistance programs and entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare.   Cost of Providing a Universal Basic Income One universal basic income proposal would provide $1,000 a month to all 234 million adults in the United States. A household with two adults and two children, for example, would receive $24,000 a year, barely hitting the poverty line. Such a program would cost the federal government $2.7 trillion a year, according to economist Andy Stern, who writes about the universal basic income in a 2016 book, Raising the Floor. Stern has said the program could be funded by eliminating about $1 trillion in antipoverty programs and reducing spending on defense, among other methods. Why Universal Basic Income Is a Good Idea Charles Murray, a scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and the author of In Our Hands: A Plan to Replace the Welfare State,† has written that a universal basic income is the best way to maintain a civil society amid what he described as a coming labor market unlike any in human history. It will need to be possible, within a few decades, for a life well lived in the U.S. not to involve a job as traditionally defined. ... The good news is that a well-designed UBI can do much more than help us to cope with disaster. It also could provide an invaluable benefit: injecting new resources and new energy into an American civic culture that has historically been one of our greatest assets but that has deteriorated alarmingly in recent decades. Why Universal Basic Income Is a Bad Idea Critics of a universal basic income say that it creates a disincentive for people to work and it rewards non-productive activities. States the Mises Institution, named for the Austrian economic Ludwig von Mises: The struggling entrepreneurs and artists ... are struggling for a reason. For whatever reason, the market has deemed the goods they are providing to be insufficiently valuable. Their work simply isn’t productive according to those who would potentially consume the goods or services in question. In a functioning  marketplace, producers of goods the consumers dont want  would quickly have to abandon such endeavors and focus their efforts into productive areas of the economy. The universal basic income, however, allows them to continue their less-valued  endeavors  with the money of those who have actually produced value, which gets to the ultimate problem of all government welfare programs. Critics also describe the universal basic income as a wealth-distribution scheme that punishes those who work harder and earn more by directing more of their earnings to the program. Those who earn the least benefit the most, creating the disincentive to work, they believe. History of Universal Basic Income The humanist philosopher Thomas More, writing in his seminal 1516 work  Utopia, argued for a universal basic income. The Nobel Prize winning activist  Bertrand Russell  proposed in 1918 that a universal basic income, sufficient for necessities, should be secured for all, whether they work or not, and that a larger income should be given to those who are willing to engage in some work which the community recognizes as useful. On this basis we may build further. Bertrands view was that providing the basic needs of every citizen would free them up to work on more important societal goals and live more harmoniously with their fellow man. After World War II, economist Milton Friedman  floated the idea of a guaranteed income. Friedman wrote: We should replace the ragbag of specific welfare programs with a single comprehensive program of income supplements in cash - a negative income tax. It would provide an assured minimum to all persons in need, regardless of the reasons for their need†¦A negative income tax provides comprehensive reform which would do more efficiently and humanely what our present welfare system does so inefficiently and inhumanely. In the modern era, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has forward the idea, telling Harvard University graduates that we should explore ideas like universal basic income to make sure that everyone has a cushion to try new ideas.

Marine Wildlife Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marine Wildlife - Assignment Example The impact marine preys like fur seals have on their target prey and more especially their resultant interaction with other fisheries has been a subject of continuous study and research interest. The wide array of species and species groups within the marine ecosystem has further expounded this area of research (Wilke & Kenyon, 1954). Various researches have calculated the overall prey requirements of predators including the seabirds, seals as well as whales and such studies avail regional food assessment necessary for maintenance of the respective species population (Perez & Mooney, 1984). In a world where many animals are faced with the possibility of extinction, such research are crucial and can go a long way in helping preserve the threatened population species. The studies have also facilitated and engaged in examination of food web interactions strengths. Additionally, such studies help in understanding the biogeochemical carbon cycling processes (Perez & Bigg, 1981; Townsend, 1899). According to Kajimura (1980, P. 46) fur seals are most commonly found in the areas lying within 74 to 130 km off the land and are frequently in large numbers along the continental shelf as well as slope in areas where pelagic schooling fishes and also squids are generally found in abundance. The study also reported that the fur seals and most regularly found in waters whose temperatures range from 8Â °C to 14Â °C. At sea, the fur seals feed on a range of fish species. The relative proportion of individual prey species included in the fur seals' diet often varies by months (Kajimura 1982; Perez and Bigg 1984). This is as a result of the apparent changes in their scavenging locations, and also the seasonal movements, prey abundance, as well as availability (Lander & Kajimura, 1982). Generally, the fur seals' vary their diets during winter and spring to correspond to the prevailing conditions. Previous researches estimate that the fur seals often consume preys whose respective lengths are 10 to 30 cm, although there are instances where much longer preys are consumed although such must be broken down before consumption (Townsend, 1899, p. 241). This study investigates the average length as well as biomass content of some of the species most fed on by the fur seals. Methods The first step involves measurement of otoliths and beaks of the seals. This is based on the fact that the otoliths are susceptible to degradation and size reduction as they move via the seal’s digestive tract as a result of prey size underestimation. As a result, only the otoliths that reveal little erosion evidence are used to obtain the estimates of fish sizes. Each otolith is rated on scale of 1-5 as per their erosion levels whereby 1 is considered identifiable although substantially eroded while 5 is considered primeval. As an inclusion criterion, only otoliths whose ratings lie above 3 will be measured. Measurement of the otolith leg length is done between its anterior and posterior margins. The measurement is done in mmm with the help of a dissecting microscope and making use of eye-piece graticules. In order to avoid obtaining of size estimates from the same fish, the measurements taken are only for the otoliths of the sides that possess the highest number of intact otoliths of each sample specie. Biasing the cephalopods estimate of sizes is also a key concern to this research. To avoid it, only the cephalopod beaks that are unbroken will be

A summative assignment based on the use a self analysis tool as a Essay

A summative assignment based on the use a self analysis tool as a Clinical Manager of an Acute Medical Ward - Essay Example Jung, its first publishing was done in 1921. The initial questionnaire that developed in into the MBTI Indicator was published 1962. The MBTI mainly focuses normal populations and emphasizes on naturally occurring differences that exist ( Capraro, 2002 p. 590). Origins of the theory Jung's theory publishing was done in 1921 and it was not tested or verified under the controlled studies scientifically but it included clinical observation and introspection as well as anecdote method which are inconclusive in the modern psychology which argue that for the theory to be published it must be studied scientifically. Validity of the theory The statistical validity of this theory and use of psychometric instrument (MBTI) has found criticism in many aspects. It has been argued that there lack critical scrutiny since most of the published material on this MBTI tool was for conferences. About a third or half have been estimated that material used were for the conferences or journals which were e dited by its advocates (Capraro, 2002, p.595). Researchers expected bimodal distribution on the peaks almost at the end of the scales but these scores on subscales individually were centrally peaked distributed which was the same as the normal distribution. At the center to subscale a cutoff existed in away that the one score is classified one type while the other as an opposite type. This does not support the concept of type. Reliability of the theory Interpreted reliability from the studies has indicated the test is low. Researchers found that thirty nine percent and seventy six per cent of the test is different types. CONCEPTS As the Manual states this indicator is designed for implementing a hypothesis or a theory. Therefore the hypothesis should be comprehended so as to understand the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. Theory of psychological type is fundamental to the Myers Briggs Type Indicator as originally it was developed by Jung. He proposed an existence of two cognitive functi oning dichotomous pairs: these are judging (rational) which has functions of feeling as well as thinking and perceiving (irrational) which has functions of intuition and sensing. These functions are in introverted form or extraverted form in expression. From this concept of Jung others such as Briggs and Myers came up with their own theory for psychological type and this became the base of MBTI (Capraro, 2002, p. 598). Jung's typological model regards left handedness or right handedness as similar to psychological type. This means that individuals may be born with or may develop a certain way of thinking and acting depending on preference. MBTI is on these psychological differences and put them into four pairs that are opposite to each other with 16 possible combinations psychological types. None of these psychological types are better or even worse than the other. But Briggs and Myers developed a theory that individuals prefer one combination overall with the type differences. In t his case, writing using the left hand may be hard for a right handed people

International Human Recourse Management Essay Example for Free

International Human Recourse Management Essay Undertake research to examine current trends and emerging issues within the field of International Human Resource Management (IHRM). What are some contrasting and recent frameworks, models and perspectives applied within the field of IHRM? The meaning of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) becomes more and more important in the last few years. The first time the term IHRM was used was in 1990, around the same time period ‘globalisation’ began. Initially the main function of IHRM was the organisation and management of expatriates (Festing, et al. , 2013, p. 161). In 2012 the foreign affiliates of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) of the United Nations had reached 69 million workers (Dowling, et al., 2013, p. viii). Due to this fact it becomes clear the tremendous challenge IHRM faces in our time. Furthermore the world is getting more uniform and standardised because of the globalisation. With the impact of technical, commercial and cultural development, companies must rise to new challenges and a different way of thinking (Durham Kellner, 2006, p. 659). If we put all the different aspects together we can define IHRM as examining the HRM issues, problems, strategies, policies and practices which firms pursue in relation to the internationalisation of their business (Brewster, et al., 2011, p. 10). On the basis of current research, this essay will investigate trends and emerging issues in the field of IHRM. In the first wide field of global assignments and careers there have been changes in recent years due to the development of technology and worldwide integration. As organisations are increasingly affected by the forces of globalisation and the competition between the different companies, the prerequisites for employees are increasing as well. Due to these facts, the work life balance (WLB) has been subject to increasing investigation and has led to a significant emerging issue for all people especially international business travellers (Festing, et al., 2013). As a consequence,  WLB is receiving attention in the IHRM field. WLB consists of two different concepts: achievement and enjoyment. You cannot get the full value from life if you are only concentrated on one concept (WorkLifeBalance, 2014). One’s daily focus on achievement and enjoyment is based in all four life quadrants: work, family, friends and self WLB. WLB is already a significant topic for HRM, however it is ev en more important for frequent travellers. Due to this fact, in the field of IHRM, work life balance has been  investigated by Iris Kollinger-Santer and Iris C. Fischlmayr (2013). They focused on the difference between female and male international travellers and their WLB, finding that the different stressors related to travelling have a variable intensity according to gender. For instance, the lack of time for social contact or leisure activities is a stronger stress factor for women than for men. The family situation in particular is an important influence on each gender, with women missing their family more than men. Coping strategies also vary according to gender (Kollinger-Santer Fischlmayr). Beauregard and Henry (2009) bring different concepts to the issue of WLB. These authors try to make a link between work life balance practices and organisational performance. Therefore they discuss the differing importance of factors according to national context, job level, and managerial support and come to the conclusion that WLB practices are often combined with high organisational performance (Beauregards Henry). Another emerging challenge beside WLB is the different types of global assignments. In recent years, working abroad as an expatriate to get international experience and to develop global skills was considered an important skill. Organisations openly promoted this process. They wanted to give their employees work experience and transcend national boundaries. However, employees are often unwilling to work abroad or those who are  willing to work abroad are leaving their international assignments early or quitting their organisations once they repatriate because of the positive effects, such as promotions and salary advancement. Another aspect that favours this situation is to compensate for the out-of-sight, out-ofmind problem that occurs when employees are physically away from their home country’s organisation (Shaffer, et al.). Due to this fact a new emerging issue is taking place within IHRM. Organisations are looking for global work alternatives for their employees to gain global work experience without losing the employee afterwards. Besides the well-known kinds of work experience, such as corporate expatriation or self-initiated expatriation, some new ways to achieve global work experience are now offered to employees. Shaffer et al. (2012) sums up the existing ways to achieve international work experience and subdivided them along the three dimensions; physical mobility, cognitive flexibility, and nonwork disruptions. Based on this knowledge, the authors interpret the major findings from their review and develop a taxonomy of these experiences as a theoretical framework for analysing past studies. They point out that all of the global work  experiences were associated with different personal and nonwork demands especially, stress and family issues. However, Shaffer et al. claim that the specific stress factor varied by the different types of global work experience. Finally, they conclude that the real challenge is not the different types of global work, but is the combination of physically moving to a foreign country with the family and learning to adapt to a new culture that creates unique family demands associated with expatriate assignments (Shaffer, et al.). In addition to the new methods to get global work experience, Vaiman and Haslberger (2013) focus on the importance of  self-initiated expatriations and take a closer look at foreign executives in local organisations (FELOs). A FELO is a rare international crosscultural management phenomenon. To find the differences between an expatriate assignment and a FELO, one must take a deeper look at the subsidiaries of multinational organisations (FELO Research, 2014). Vaiman and Haslberger derive four different types of FELOs and various types of localised FELOs as well as typologies and organisation forms. Finally they examine global careers outside of traditional, company-backed expatriate assignments, and highlight the fact that there is a rising number of foreign executives appointed in recent years (Vaiman Haslberger). Global talent management (GTM) is a rapidly growing field within IHRM. GTM includes the connection between the importance of talent management and success in global business. In general the aim of talent management is the identification of well qualified employees in a global context and placing those people in key positions where they have the potential to impact the competitive advantage of the organisation (Scullion Collings, 2011, pp. 3-4). GTM is still an emerging field with debates regarding many aspects of its relevance IHRM (Festing, et al., 2013). For instance, Schuler et al. (2012) focus on various challenges in the area of GTM like dealing with talent shortages, talent surpluses, locating and relocating talent, and compensation levels of talent. They present strategic opportunities and their implications for organisations in regards to these challenges, concluding that organisational need must be linked to the direction of organisational strategy and talent strategy in particular (Schuler, et al.). Clearly there is a wide area of unspecified topics in the field of GTM. In countries such as Germany, China or India, research on this subject is particularly limited, thus there has been much debate over the continuing significance of talent management in the recent years. There are two different views of the importance and the impact of talent  management (Festing, et al., 2013) According to Walk et al. (2013), talent is the most consistent and frequent factor in business success within a global context. For this reason, organisations compete across borders to get the most talented employees. The authors discovered that from the standpoint of an organisation, cross-cultural students are the most valuable, thus they tend to recruit their future employees from this group. Walk et al. also assess work expectations across diverse cultural backgrounds and concluded that differences in expectation are less between Chinese, Indian, and German students than one might suspect (Cf. Walk, et al.).  Ewerlin’s (2013) research on GTM focusses on the influence of talent management program’s attractiveness on an employer. Due to the fact that talented individuals are rare, organisations need to take care that they can position themselves as attractive employers in order to secure the best employees. Talented employees are able to pick and choose between several attractive job offers, therefore they are looking for an additional factors such as good talent management programs. Ewerlin could not confirm that there is a direct relationship between employer attractiveness and their GTM program, however she indicates that these programs should be designed for culturally differences and that personality also plays an important role in shaping the needs of individual employees (Ewerlin). If you compare the current trends and emerging issues of IHRM to the development of other departments within an organisation, especially due to the influence of other areas, there is constant change in IHRM. Additionally to the constant changes IHRM have made, there are a lot of increasing factors to the global market. Several aspects are crucial in the two huge fields of global assignments and careers and global work experience. In the first field there are different facts like work life balance and global work experience. The second area includes the current topics such as GTM programs and the connection to the attractiveness to an employer. Finally there are a lot of new areas of investigation that need to be explored and due to the fact of technical progress and the increasing globalisation it is important  to deal with new challenges in order to stay competitive in the international market. Reference List: Beauregards, T. A. Henry, L. C., 2009. Making the link betwen work-life balance practices and organizational performance. Human resource management review, September, pp. 9-22. Brewster, C., Sparrow, P., Vernon, G. Houldsworth, E., 2011. International Human Resource Management, London: CIPD House. BusinessDictionary.com, 2014. BusinessDictionary.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/expatriate.html Dowling, P. J., Festing, M. Engle, A. D., 2013. International human resource management, 6th Edition. Hampshire: Cengage Learning. Durham, M. G. Kellner, D. M., 2006. media and cultural studies. Carlton: Blackwell. Ewerlin, D., 2013. The influence of global talent management on employer attractiveness: An experimental study. German Journal of Research in Human Resource Management, pp. 279304. FELO Research, 2014. feloreseach. [Online] Available at: http://feloresearch.info/ Festing, M. et al., 2013. Current issues in International HRM: Alternative forms of assignments, careers and talent management in a global context. German Journal of Research in Human Resource Management, pp. 161-166. Kollinger-Santer, I. Fischlmayr, I. C., 2013. Work life balance up in the air Does gender make a difference between female and male internation business travelers. German Journal of Research in Human Resource Management, 09, pp. 195-223. Schuler, R. S., Jackson, S. E. Tarique, I., 2012. Global talent management and global talent challenges: strategic opportunities for IHRM, New York: Journal of World Business. Scullion, H. Collings, D. G., 2011. Global Talent Management. New York: Routledge. Shaffer, M. A., Kraimer, M. L., Chen, Y.-P. Bolino, M. C., 2012. Choices, Challenges, and Career Consequences of Global Work Experiences: A Review and Future Agenda. Journal of Management, pp. 1281-1327. Vaiman, V. Haslberger, A., 2013. Talent Manamgent of Self-Initaited Expatriates, Hampshire: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN. Walk, M., Schinnenburg, H. Handy, F., 2013. What do talens want? Work expectations in India, China, and Germany. German Journal of Research in Human Resource Management, pp. 251-278. WorkLifeBalance, 2014. WorkLifeBalance. [Online] Available at: http://www.worklifebalance.com/

Impermanence and Death in Sino-Japanese Philosophical Context :: Philosophy Buddhism Papers

Impermanence and Death in Sino-Japanese Philosophical Context This paper discusses the notions of impermanence and death as treated in the Chinese and Japanese philosophical traditions, particularly in connection with the Buddhist concept of emptiness and void and the original Daoist answers to the problem. Methodological problems are mentioned and two ways of approaching the theme are proposed: the logically discursive and the meditative mystical one, with the two symbols of each, Uroboros and the open circle. The switch of consciousness is suggested as an essential condition for liberation of the Ego and its illusions. Rational logic as well as the sophisticated meditative ways of selflessness and detachment are suggested when treating the Chinese and Japanese philosophical notions, and examples of the discussed topics from the texts given. The instructive seventh chapter of the classical Daoist work, Lie Zi, is analyzed in detail and put into contrast with the answers given to that problem in the Greco-Judeo-Christian tradition. When reflecting on immortality, longevity, death and suicide, or taking into consideration some of the central concepts of the Sino-Japanese philosophical tradition, such as impermanence (Chinese: wuchang, Japanese: mujo), we see that the philosophical methods developed in the Graeco-Judaeo-Christian tradition might not be very suitable. On the other hand, it is instructive to put them into contrast with the similar themes developed in the Graeco-Judeo-Christian tradition, since these problems present a challenge for a redefinition of "philosophy" which has traditionally regarded itself as a European (and in an even less acceptable variation as a "Western") phenomenon and therefore today the very borders of philosophical discourse known in European history as "philosophia" are reexamined (affected). By rethinking the history of philosophy as a single narrative, one might come closer to the movements related to the levels of consciousness that were activated in philosophical undertakings in various Asian philosophical schools. In this regard Japanese and Chinese philosophical traditions might be instructive, since from the beginning through the various stages of their development they have attempted to put into words the inexpressible. The awareness of the insufficiency of words brought many original solutions. In the Song dynasty, for instance China produced a variety of diagrams (tu), by which the philosophers and practitioners represented their theories, which often arose on the basis of meditation techniques and could not be fully transmitted by means of language alone. The illustration of the nine step process (known in Japan as kuso) is one such representation and it is taken here as a starting point for approaching the concept of impermanence and death in the Japanese phil osophical

How important was Martin Luther King?

Martin Luther King was the main figure in the Civil Rights Movement; he was the civil right activist leader and had an influence of the American society. King believed in non-violent protest and used it to overcome justice, king’s idea of non-violent protest came from Ghandi’s idea, and he thought Ghandi was the great man of all times. King also believed that all man and woman are equal; he was the most important voice of the civil rights movement.King was brave to stand up and give up segregation laws and tried to get rid of segregation laws, Martin Luther King was proud of his race, in 1958 after King was stabbed in Harlem he had said ‘my cause, my race, is worth dying for’, this source is useful for proving that he will do anything for his race and do whatever it takes to bring freedom across black Americans. King wasn’t afraid and he still carried on fighting for more freedom after he was stabbed and survived.Martin Luther King was important of b ringing improvements in the African- American Civil Rights because he brought equality to America and progress to the civil rights movement. In 1957 he helped setting up the (SCLC) and believed that non-violent protest should be used in the struggle for equality. King helped places like Birmingham to reduce the amount of racism. There had been lots of racism in Birmingham, King described Birmingham as America’s ‘worst big city’ for racism.He wanted to improve the amount of racism in Birmingham, the SCLC arranged a march, and king was leading rather than led. The confrontation used tactics like sit- in and marches so that they can gain more publicity across the USA. King became more popular and people liked him, but those who disagreed with the equal right movement hated king. King gained goverment support, Kings effort led to the march on washington in 1963, where King delivered his speech ‘I have a dream’. In 1965, King led a campaign to resgister b lack people to vote.

Does Person-Centred Therapy Differ from Other Helping Relationships?

â€Å"How do person-centred counsellors use the therapeutic relationship to facilitate change- and in what way (s) does person-centred therapy differ from other helping relationships? † word count: 2,495 Person centred counselling originated and was evolved on the ideas of American psychologist Carl Rogers. The influences on Carl Rogers and he’s conceptualisation of Person centred counselling are numerous, from his early family life living on a farm, his interest and involvement in theology and his formative professional career. One incident which appears to have had a particular impact on Carl Rogers was when working in his first job as a psychologist, at Rochester New York, for an organisation for the prevention of cruelty to children, whilst working with a parent (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1989). At this stage in his career Carl Rogers, being trained in or influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis, was essentially working in a diagnostic and interpretative way, helping a child or parent gain insight or an intellectual understanding of their own behaviour and what was unconsciously driving or motivating it (Thorne B 2002) . He formalised that the problem with the child stemmed from the Mother’s rejection of the child in his early years. But despite a number of sessions was unable to help the Mother gain this insight. He concluded that it wasn’t working and finally gave up. The Mother was leaving when she asked Carl Rogers if he takes adults for counselling. He began working with the mother, where she subsequently expressed her despair of unhappiness and feelings of failure, which was more emotive and authentic in expression, than the previously intellectual and matter of fact account given previously of her history and current life. Carl Rogers said that ‘real therapy’ began at this moment and concluded in a successful outcome (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1990). This is Carl Roger’s view and what he learned from this experience: â€Å"This incident was one of a number which helped me to experience the fact- only fully realized later- that is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried. It began to occur to me that unless I had a need to demonstrate my own cleverness and learning, I would do better to rely upon the client for the direction of movement in the process†. Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1990 p13). This statement is arguably the beginnings of what, in many ways would later define and becomes a way of working within person centred therapy – that is a therapy that allows the client to be whom the client is, without any active direction from the therapist. Carl Rogers through clinical experience, research an d development later defined his model of therapy. He based it upon the principles of a person as having at it’s a core an instinctive tendency towards growth, to fulfilling their potential as a person in what he termed ‘self actualisation’ (Mearns D, et al. 988). Carl Rogers believed that every living organism has a desire to increase, widen and broaden. Essentially, a fundamental urge to improve upon itself and that although, in the case of human beings, this urge may be buried or hidden by multiple psychological structures and conflicts, he strongly believed in the existence of this actualisation tendency in all of us and that given the correct conditions, it could be freed and realised in all of us (Rogers C 1961- becoming a person). Personally, I have recognised a need to develop and grow within myself for sometime and this has again been highlighted to me during this term. The more I become aware of my insecurities and pre judgements, the greater the desire to become bigger than them only becomes more apparent to me. Through my clinical experience working with adults with mental health problems, I have certainly recognised a desire in many, to become bigger or more than their issues, although, I am not certain if that was a desire to escape from their often intolerable suffering, or a fundamental need to self actualise†¦ at the very least, I would suggest self actualisation is an entirely relative supposition and will differ from person to person, dependent upon their own experiences, circumstances and perhaps even expectations. These correct conditions which are required within person centred therapy in order that the client can achieve self actualisation and personality change were outlined by Carl Rogers and he believed that if this 6 conditions were met, it would facilitate change within the client: Two persons are in psychological contact- both client and counsellor are present physically and psychologically. The client is in a state of incongruence, (which will be discussed in more detail) the communication of the counsellor’s empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard is met at a minimal level. The last condition mentioned involves 3 other conditions, which are essential attitudes and qualities necessary for the counsellor to posses for successful therapy; empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard and congruence. (Rogers C, 1957). Before looking at the latter 3 in more detail, it is important to understand Carl Rogers’s view of the person and perhaps what is ultimately bringing the client to therapy. Carl Rogers believed that there is incongruence between the self that is the actualisation part, that has a desire to grow, is open to experiencing in the moment and ultimately psychological well being and the actual experience of the self. He believed this effect was caused by ‘conditions of worth’, by external expectations, such as by parents and teachers, i. e. f you behave in a certain way that pleases me, that perhaps doesn’t evoke anxieties in me, you are a good boy- there are certain ‘conditions’ attached to being in this relationship- the child tries to internalise these conditions in order to maintain the relationship (Mearns D 1994- developing PC). Consequently, people deny or distort the experiences to their selves, which differ to how we are supposed or are condi tioned to be. Therefore, Carl Rogers believed that we begin to believe in what we are not and refute who we really are (Mearns D 1994). The person has a fixed and inflexible view, or self concept (Rogers C 1980). It’s almost as if the person is driven in implementing or adopting certain behaviours in order to be accepted or loved and denying, or at the cost of their true self and feelings. This is the state of incongruence Rogers was referring as apart of the necessary conditions. Carl Rogers recognised, through his development of this approach, that distinctive and essential qualities are necessary within the therapist, for successful therapy and to facilitate character change. The emphasis being on the therapist’s attitude towards the client, as opposed to any technical skills or interventions, in comparison to many other modalities. As already mentioned, the key attitudes or qualities being empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard (Rogers C 1980). Empathy can be considered as having an ability to perceive and understand in the other person their feelings, experiences and their meaning to that person. To understand the internal world of that person, to be fully aware of the feelings they are experiencing, their anger or sadness for example, as if they are your own, but being aware that they are the clients, in order that your own feelings do not become the focus or blur the clients own experiencing (Rogers C, 1957). To absolutely see from the clients view, the feelings they may have from their position or personal experiencing, but recognising them as separate from your own. I recall a moment during this term, when in skills practise, being in the ‘client role’, when I received empathy. I was speaking about a personal situation, which I was aware on some level had meaning to me, but wasn’t fully aware of, or experiencing the feelings relating to this meaning. My perception later was that the person listened so intently, was so with me in trying to make sense of my situation, that they really did know and fully understand how it must feel for me. It was almost if I had no choice in allowing my feelings to be present, to come to my awareness and I was left with a sense of loss, feelings of loss, that I wasn’t aware of and made tremendous sense to my circumstances and why I had some anxiety and confusion in relation to this particular issue. This highlights for me how powerful empathy can be, as well as actively listening to and showing an interest sufficient in trying to understand the client, but also how it has the potential to provoke in the client in becoming aware of hidden feelings or realisations. Unconditional positive regard (UPR) is another important aspect and described as having total acceptance of the client, without conditions, whoever and whatever the client is, or how they may behave. An acceptance of not what they may or could be, but as they are now, regardless of what desired qualities the counsellor may wish for. It means total respect and valuing the person, without judgement. It also involves a sense of genuine care and wanting the best for them, including warmth for the person (Rogers C 1961). David Mearns talks about the often confusion in trainees, when understanding UPR, with a statement such as, ‘how is it possible to like all my clients’? He makes a distinction that liking is generally selective, as we perceive a similarity in values and complementary needs and UPR and liking are two very different concepts (Mearns D 1994). Unconditional positive regard is completely about valuing the person, without conditions, with all the facets of the person, their struggles, protective layers, confusion and perhaps inconsistencies. This unconditional stance is a contradiction to the conditions of worth spoken of earlier and is a vital component of person centred counselling (Kulewicz S, 1989). If a client is holding a believe that they will only be accepted, depending on the condition of others, essentially they do not see themselves as being wholly acceptable. The stance and communication of UPR can break this believe and the client is able to be in a relationship, with the counsellor accepting them without conditions (Rogers C 1961). If the counsellor is consistently valuing the client, the client perhaps has no reason for the protective layers and can be more open to their own inner experiences. Also, I wonder if the counsellor is almost giving permission and communicating a message to the client that it is ok to accept who they truly are. Another essential attitude for the counsellor, recognised by Rogers is congruence. This is the counsellor being who they are, no facade or ‘professional’ barrier. The counsellor is open and genuine in the relationship, allowing all feelings and thoughts to be in his awareness and available to him (Rogers C 1961). It’s being present with yourself and owning your feelings, not necessarily expressing what you are experiencing at the time to the client, but also not denying it. How congruence is conveyed is ultimately depended upon the counsellor themselves and when appropriate. It is about allowing a trust to be formed with the client, without pretences, where the counsellor is being human and willing to be seen (Thorne B 2002). If the counsellor is willing to acknowledge his feelings, strengths, perhaps their mistakes or weakness, it can not only allow for a more open and flowing relationship, but again I see this as perhaps giving permission to the client to embrace themselves, their strengths and weaknesses. How this differs from a helping relationship, are mainly the quality of contact and the nature of the differences in relationship. What if our client seeks help from a non person centred counsellor, perhaps a professionally respected person, a Doctor, teacher, perhaps even a work place manager, or colleague. They will listen, perhaps are sympathetic, are likely to offer advice and some direction the person may take in order to resolve their problem. But there is no ongoing process, no consistency of a relationship, with all the qualities discussed, empathy, UPR and congruence. The person centred therapist offers a safe and non judgemental relationship, with the client being valued for who they are, where they can grow in understanding of themselves, gain insight and become psychological stronger and independent. A helping relationship, although perhaps useful and supportive, will not facilitate change and allow a person to grow. In conclusion, person centred therapy is about an effective relationship, or aspires to be one, in which a person through experiencing a positive connection with another person, namely the therapist, receives deep empathy, understanding and genuine care. This enables a person to question or challenge their self concepts, to begin to experience buried or hidden feelings and gain a deeper understanding of themselves, with more acceptances and the autonomy to live without fear of their own feelings and perhaps their truer selves. It is without any difficulty from me to admire the sheer humanity of what Carl Rogers achieved with person centred therapy, the whole ethos of accepting and allowing the person to grow through such a positive and caring relationship. It appears to me that this is an incredibly challenging model of therapy, for both client and therapist. For the client the person centred therapist may appear safe and accepting, even inoffensive or unchallenging to his protective mechanisms or fixed self concepts, but that is perhaps the greatest challenge to the client, who may want answers or ways of dealing with their issues, perhaps unbearable anxiety and will perhaps look to the therapist for solutions and will find the person centred therapist completely and deeply sharing their distress, but essentially leaving it with client to be able to tolerate and accept for themselves, with of course as discussed, with the intention for the client to grow, understand the meaning behind their distress and ultimately in becoming psychologically independent. I would imagine, at least initially or in the short term, it must be difficult for the client, who is still searching and looking outside of himself, for the apparent safety and false ‘conditions’ that will make it all well again. For the therapist, the challenge is potentially numerous, but what I recognise is the trust he must have in the process of person centred therapy, in maintaining all the attitudes as discussed and consistently so. I can see that taking great strength and discipline, when he could perhaps temptingly turn to direction and advice giving. I am also left wondering if the strengths within PC therapy are also its weaknesses. The quality of therapy can only be as effective as the quality of therapist, or the limitations of the therapist. This could be said of other therapies, but for example, the CBT therapist has a direction and structure to fall back on. The challenge to the PC therapist is to be constantly growing and developing, as there is such a dependence upon who they are in the relationship. References: Kirshenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. L. (1989) The Carl Rogers reader Bury St. Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press Limited. Kulewicz, S. F. (1989) The twelve core functions of a Counselor (5th Edn). Marlborough, CT: Counselor Publications. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1988) Person-centred counselling in Action (3rd Edn). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mearns, D. 1994) Developing Person Centred counselling (2nd Edn). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Rogers, C. R. (1957) The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 60, No. 6, 827-832 . Rogers, C. R. (1961) On Becoming a Person London: Constable & Robinson Ltd. Rogers, C. R. (1980) A way of Being Boston: Houghton and Mifflin Company. Rogers, C. R. (1980) Client Centred psychotherapy In: Kaplan, H. I. et al, ceds, Comprehensive text book of Psychiatry (3rd Edn). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co. Thorne, B. Dryden, W. (2002) Person Centred Counselling in W. Dryden Handbook of Individual Therapy (4th Edn). London: Sage. pp. 131-157.

Difference Between Hard and Soft Currency †Economics Essay

Difference Between Hard and Soft Currency – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers Difference Between Hard and Soft Currency Economics Essay Since 650 BC man has used money to buy, barter and trade for goods and services. The Greeks were the first to use coins as monetary value which strengthened the economy and improved the quality for life for many. (us.rediff.com) Today, with many countries in the world having its own currency, there are many things to know in terms of how the different currencies are exchanged, traded and spent. One of the most important aspects of currency is the differences between hard and soft currency. In this paper, I will analyze the differences of the two and debate the relationship between them. Let us first start out with the text book definition of hard currency. Wikipedia.com defines hard currency as currency in which investors have confidence, such as that of a politically stable country with low inflation and consistent monetary and fiscal policies, and one that if anything is tending to appreciate against other currencies on a trades of hard currencies at this time include the United States dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen, the British pound and the Swiss franc. Before its replacement by the euro, the Deutschmark was considered perhaps the best hard currency. (wikipedia.com) If a countries currency is to be considered hard, then there are a few things that need to be in place. The first thing is the country needs to have a stable government in place. America, although every four years has the potential to change its political leaders and views, has little chance of revolution or an invasion that would completely uproot the stability of our society. The next is the currency must be able to be bartered and traded all around the world. An example of this is the dollar. For those of you that have traveled oversees, there are few countries in the world that if you were there on vacation, you could not buy a Mai Tai with a few American dollars. In fact, the American dollar is the sole currency used to make all oil deals in the world, even those deals that happen within the confides of the middle east. Lack of inflation is also a stipulation for a countries currency to be considered hard. An increase in the amount of currency in circulation, resulting in a relatively sharp and sudden fall in its value and rise in prices: it may be caused by an increase in the volume of paper money issued or of gold mined, or a relative increase in expenditures as when the supply of goods fails to meet the demand. (inflationdata.com) All currency goes through different levels of inflation, what is important that hard currency will depreciate less then the currency in other countries. Through much experience, the American government has done a good job of controlling inflation using both monetary and fiscal policy. Due to America’s continued stability in terms of its government, military and societal demands; the American dollar continues to be one of the strongest currencies in the world. America’s sustained involvement on the world stage in terms of political and monetary issues hopefully will and has secured a strong future for the American dollar. There have been many instances where other countries have discarded their failing currency and have taken a hard currency as its national currency. In terms of managing risks, utilizing or adopting hard currency is least likely to be a factor in the loss of funds. If using a weaker note, the odds of the note lessening in value or becoming completely non-valuable increase dramatically. Both Ecuador and Panama have taken the dollar as their national currency. Other strong currencies of the world are the Swiss Franc, the British Pound and the Japanese Yen. American currency is so stable that it is used world wide for business deals and ventures. It is somewhat ironic to think that many countries actually buy million of dollars a year in US savings bonds to secure their countries financial future. As stated above, OPEC uses the dollar on all deals concerning oil, no matter what parties are involved. If love is the universal language, then the dollar is the universal currency. When dealing with other countries, taking out any extraneous concerns, like the currency becoming worthless, is fir first key to success. Using a hard currency like the dollar evens out the playing field and ensures that all parties involved will benefit from the transaction. Soft currency on the other hand is defined as a countrys currency which is not acceptable in exchange for currency of other countries, due to unrealistic exchange rates.(budget.ro) Soft currency is normally a product of new countries and countries that do not have the industry or the resources to have a strong and stable platform to grow a society on. This currency not only fluctuates greatly in value, but is also under the constant risk of loosing some or all of its value. Unlike hard currency, soft currency is also not easily exchanged into other currency. Receiving soft currency for goods, other currency or services is risky because the monetary value you receive from x amount of soft currency today, has a strong chance of becoming less valuable, even by the hour. As stated above, there are many factors such as political, social, economical and military stability that play a part in making a currency hard. A country which produces hard currency has many advantages over those countries that do not. Possessing hard currency makes it much easier to do business world wide. It can be equated to have a good credit score and shopping for a car. You will be much more likely to not just get the car, but get it for cheaper with a good credit score. Countries like Japan, Brittan and America all have taken full advantage of printing hard currency. Over the history of currency, countries currency has fluctuated between hard and soft. The challenges of the world’s currency super powers are to maintain their economic hold and maintain their hard currency reputation. References Http://www.Wikipedia.com Http://www.Sticky-Marketing.com buget.ro/finante-banci-investitii-legi/o-DictionaryBuget_m-ViewArticle_id-5050/Define_soft_currency.html budget.ro.com inflationdata.com Research Papers on Difference Between Hard and Soft Currency - Economics EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 219 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Free Printable Math Charts, Grids and Graph Paper PDFs

Free Printable Math Charts, Grids and Graph Paper PDFs Even in early mathematics, certain specialized papers and tools must be used to ensure students are able to quickly and easily identify numbers on graphs, grids, and charts, but buying reams of graph or isometric paper can be expensive! For that reason, weve compiled a list of printable PDFs that will help prepare your student for completing his or her math course load. Whether its a standard multiplication or 100s chart or one-half inch graph paper, the following resources are essential for your elementary student to be able to participate in math lessons and each comes with its own utility for specific areas of study. Read on to discover the different charts, grids, and graph papers your young mathematician will need in order to complete his or her studies, and learn some fun facts about early mathematics along the way! Essential Charts for Grades One Through Five Every young mathematician should always have a few handy number charts in their possession in order to more easily solve the increasingly difficult equations presented in first through fifth grades, but none may be quite as useful as the  multiplication chart.   A multiplication chart should be laminated and used with young learners working on the multiplication fact families as each multiplication chart illustrates the various products of multiplying numbers up to 20 together. This will help expedite the process of calculating larger problems as well as helping students commit the basic multiplication table to memory. Another great chart for young learners is the   100s Chart, which  is primarily also used in grades one through five. This chart a visual tool that displays all the numbers up to 100 then every 100s number larger than that, which helps with skip counting, observing patterns in numbers, adding, and subtracting to name a few concepts this chart is associated with. Graphs and Dot Papers Depending on the grade your student is in, he or she may require different sized graph papers to plot data points on a graph.  1/2 Inch,  1 CM, and  2 CM graph paper  are all staples in math education but are used more frequently in teaching and practicing measurement and geometry concepts. Dot paper, both in  portrait  and  landscape  formats, is another tool used for geometry, flips, slides, and turns along with sketching shapes to scale. This type of paper is highly popular for young mathematicians because it provides a precise but flexible canvas the students use to illustrate their understanding of core shapes and measurements. Another version of dot paper,   isometric paper, features dots that are not placed in a standard grid format, rather the dots in the first column are raised a few centimeters from the dots in the second column, and this pattern repeats across the paper with every other column higher than the one before it. Isometric paper in sizes  1 CM  and   2 CM  is meant to help students understand abstract shapes and measurements. Coordinate Grids When students start to approach the topic of algebra, they will no longer rely on dot paper or graphs to plot the numbers in their equations; instead, they will rely on the more detailed coordinate grids with or without numbers alongside the axises. The size of the coordinate grids needed for each math assignment varies by each question, but generally speaking printing several   20x20 coordinate grids with numbers  will suffice for most math assignments. Alternatively,   9x9 dotted coordinate grids  and   10x10 coordinate grids, both without numbers, may suffice for early-level algebraic equations. Eventually, students may need to plot several different equations on the same page, so there are also printable PDFs that include  four 10x10 coordinate grids  without and  with numbers, four   15x15 dotted coordinate grids without numbers, and even nine   10x10 Dotted  and non-dotted  coordinate grids.

Learner Analysis and WBCT Selection Report Essay

Learner Analysis and WBCT Selection Report - Essay Example For the instructional problem, the factors are considered in learner and context analysis, and considers guidelines provided in the Reference Guide for Instructional Design and Development (IEEE, 2002). Entry behaviors are analyzed to determine whether learners have mastered entry behaviors prior to instruction. For the English as a Second Language (ESL) course, entry requirements include: age of between 13 to 25 years old, at least high school level and has attended English instruction as part of the formal education process. Information on cultural background and current occupation will also be checked. Analysis of prior knowledge, and educational and ability levels involves investigation of the range and nature of prior knowledge, education and abilities related to the training topic and learning in general. For the ESL course this involves a pre-test of listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in English to help determine the range and nature of prior knowledge. It also involves a form of IQ test to determine learning abilities. Information on attendance in similar ESL courses will also be checked. Attitudes towards content and delivery system, and general learning preferences will also be analyzed. The ESL course is intended to be delivered as web/computer-based training. The content includes instruction and activities to develop literacy skills and help participants adjust to their new cultural environment, whether as high school or college students or young working individuals. Analysis of academic motivation defines what content is relevant to the learner. The ESL course aims to develop the ability to use English for daily needs, develop basic conversation skills and vocabulary, and use simple sentence patterns. Course activities for developing fluency and accuracy in oral communication, using English in socially appropriate ways and developing appreciation for information from media sources, increasing reading comprehension, developing vocabulary and research skills, and developing accuracy in written information through simple compositions and accomplishing forms are all aimed at making the participants feel confident and satisfied with the course, thereby making them attentive to learn. To check participants' attitudes towards the training organization, part of learner analysis will include questions about how they have come to learn about the training and the reason for wanting to participate in the training. Although there is a certain degree of heterogeneity to the target group for training due to the age range targeted, there is also homogeneity in that they are all deemed to be young adults, either of high school/college age or young workers/professionals. Web/Computer-Based Training Worksheet Visual Link Spanish (http://www.learnspanishtoday.com) DEMO COURSE: Sentence Building - Basic Needs Mindleaders (http://www.mindleaders.com ) DEMO COURSE: Excel 2007 What did you like about the courses I tried the demo course "Sentence Building - Basic Needs" from Visual Link Spanish and the demo course "Excel 2007" from Mindleaders. For a U.S. English-speaking beginner learning Spanish, the demo course from Visual Link was quite impressive. The animated lesson was visually entertaining and very easy to follow. Humorous moving graphics were used which helped me to be attentive to the entire demo which

Portfolio Artifacts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Portfolio Artifacts - Assignment Example The presentation was careful to use a large font size of size 30 so as to ensure that the presentation will clearly be visible to an audience of that size. A key untapped potential of the program project is its expansion into offering counseling services to victims of child abuse and neglect. These services can be offered to persons who were abused or neglected when they were children and still suffer from the effects of their experiences, and also to child victims who have undergone the trauma of maltreatment and abuse. The program can also look into ways of offering joint counseling services to both the parents or guardians convicted of abusing their children, and the children who were being subjected to the neglect and maltreatment. If implemented, this will serve to assist family units to reunite, avoid breakups and mend faster. This is because the children will get a chance of rebuilding their broken confidence in their guardians or parents in a controlled environment (Mannarino & Deblinger,